White Blood Cell Count (WBC)
10⁹/LThe total number of immune cells circulating in your blood.
Why it matters
Rises with infection and inflammation, falls with some medications and viral illness — a broad first look at immune health.
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Çfarë matet
Every marker below is read against optimal ranges — not just the lab reference band — and explained by a clinician on your results call.
The total number of immune cells circulating in your blood.
Why it matters
Rises with infection and inflammation, falls with some medications and viral illness — a broad first look at immune health.
How many red blood cells you have carrying oxygen around your body.
Why it matters
Low counts mean less oxygen reaching your tissues, which is felt as breathlessness and fatigue.
The iron-containing protein in red cells that actually carries oxygen.
Why it matters
The defining measure of anaemia, and one of the most common explanations for unexplained tiredness.
The proportion of your blood made up of red cells, by volume.
Why it matters
Read with haemoglobin to distinguish true anaemia from simple dehydration.
The average size of your red blood cells.
Why it matters
Small cells point to iron deficiency; large cells point to B12 or folate. It tells us where to look next.
The average amount of haemoglobin inside each red cell.
Why it matters
Supports MCV in separating the different causes of anaemia.
How concentrated the haemoglobin is within each red cell.
Why it matters
Helps identify specific red-cell disorders that the other indices can miss.
How much your red blood cells vary in size.
Why it matters
Often the earliest abnormal marker in developing iron deficiency, before any other value shifts.
The cell fragments that let your blood clot.
Why it matters
Too few risks bleeding, too many risks clotting — and either can flag a problem in the bone marrow.
The average size of your platelets.
Why it matters
Larger platelets are younger and more active, giving a clue about how fast they are being produced.
The immune cells that handle viruses and long-term immunity.
Why it matters
Typically raised in viral infection and suppressed by chronic stress.
Immune cells that clear debris and support longer-running immune responses.
Why it matters
Persistently raised counts can point to chronic inflammation.
The immune cells that respond first to bacterial infection.
Why it matters
High counts suggest bacterial infection or stress; very low counts leave you vulnerable to infection.
Immune cells involved in allergy and parasitic infection.
Why it matters
A raised count often points to underlying allergy, asthma or eczema.
The rarest white cells, involved in allergic and inflammatory responses.
Why it matters
Rarely abnormal alone, but useful as part of the full immune picture.
The pituitary hormone that drives egg and sperm production.
Why it matters
A key marker of ovarian reserve and the transition into menopause.
The pituitary hormone that triggers ovulation and testosterone production.
Why it matters
Its ratio to FSH is a central clue in diagnosing PCOS.
The pituitary hormone best known for milk production.
Why it matters
Raised levels disrupt periods, fertility and libido in both sexes, and are usually correctable.
The protein that binds sex hormones and controls how much is free.
Why it matters
Explains a normal total testosterone with low free testosterone, and shifts with insulin resistance and thyroid function.
The unbound testosterone your body can actually use.
Why it matters
Often the more meaningful number — total testosterone can look normal while the usable fraction is low.
All testosterone in your blood, both bound and unbound.
Why it matters
The standard first measurement, though much of it is bound and unavailable to your cells.
Your main stress hormone, following a daily rhythm.
Why it matters
Explains fatigue, weight change and poor sleep. Timing of the sample matters as much as the number.
The main form of oestrogen, central to the menstrual cycle and bone health.
Why it matters
Interpreted against cycle timing in women; in men, raised levels can cause their own symptoms.
An adrenal hormone that acts as a building block for sex hormones.
Why it matters
Falls steadily with age and gives a read on adrenal output.
A hormone produced by developing ovarian follicles.
Why it matters
The best available measure of ovarian reserve, used in fertility planning.
A vitamin essential for nerve function and red blood cell production.
Why it matters
Deficiency causes fatigue, pins and needles and memory problems, and can become irreversible if left too long.
Vitamin B9, needed to build DNA and red blood cells.
Why it matters
Works together with B12 — treating one without checking the other can mask a serious deficiency.
The vitamin your skin makes from sunlight, essential for bone, muscle and immune function.
Why it matters
Deficiency is near-universal in northern Europe through winter, and among the easiest deficiencies to correct.
Your body's iron store — the protein that holds iron until it is needed.
Why it matters
The first thing to fall when iron runs low, often long before haemoglobin drops. A common and very treatable cause of fatigue.
The iron currently circulating in your blood.
Why it matters
Fluctuates through the day and with recent meals, so it is read alongside ferritin and transferrin rather than alone.
The protein that transports iron through your bloodstream.
Why it matters
Rises when iron is scarce as your body tries to capture more, helping separate true deficiency from inflammation.
How much iron your blood could carry if every transport site were full.
Why it matters
A high TIBC with low ferritin confirms genuine iron deficiency rather than iron locked away by inflammation.
An essential trace mineral used by hundreds of enzymes, immunity and wound healing.
Why it matters
Deficiency shows up as poor immunity, slow healing and taste changes, and is common in vegetarian diets.
A mineral involved in muscle function, nerve signalling and energy production.
Why it matters
Low magnesium contributes to cramps, palpitations and poor sleep, and often accompanies high sugar intake.
The active thyroid hormone your cells actually use to set metabolic rate.
Why it matters
Explains why some people feel hypothyroid despite normal TSH — conversion from T4 to T3 can be impaired.
The unbound, available form of thyroxine — your thyroid's main circulating hormone.
Why it matters
Read with TSH, it separates a thyroid that is failing from a pituitary signalling problem.
The pituitary's signal telling your thyroid how much hormone to produce.
Why it matters
The most sensitive early marker of thyroid trouble. TSH shifts before T4 and T3 do, and before most people notice symptoms.
Your average blood sugar over the past two to three months, measured on your red blood cells.
Why it matters
Unlike a single glucose reading, this cannot be gamed by fasting. It is the standard for diagnosing and tracking diabetes.
The main protein your liver makes, holding fluid inside your blood vessels.
Why it matters
A good measure of longer-term liver function and nutritional state.
The protein fraction that includes your antibodies.
Why it matters
Raised levels can indicate chronic infection or inflammation; low levels suggest weakened immunity.
All the protein circulating in your blood.
Why it matters
Read with albumin to separate liver problems from immune or kidney causes.
The yellow pigment produced as old red blood cells are broken down.
Why it matters
Mildly raised levels are often harmless Gilbert's syndrome; higher levels need investigating.
A liver enzyme released into the blood when liver cells are stressed or damaged.
Why it matters
The most specific routine marker of liver strain — commonly raised by fatty liver, alcohol or medication.
An enzyme from the liver, bile ducts and bone.
Why it matters
Raised levels point either to a bile-flow problem or to active bone turnover.
An enzyme found in the liver, heart and muscle.
Why it matters
Read against ALT, the ratio between them helps distinguish liver causes from muscle causes.
A liver enzyme particularly sensitive to alcohol and bile duct problems.
Why it matters
The most responsive marker to alcohol intake, and a useful check on liver recovery.
The main electrolyte controlling fluid balance in your body.
Why it matters
Abnormal levels affect blood pressure and brain function, and can flag kidney or hormonal problems.
A waste product from protein breakdown, cleared by the kidneys.
Why it matters
Rises with dehydration and high protein intake as well as kidney problems, so it is read alongside creatinine.
A waste product from normal muscle activity, cleared by your kidneys.
Why it matters
The standard measure of kidney filtration, though it is also affected by muscle mass.
An estimate of how much blood your kidneys filter each minute.
Why it matters
The clearest single number for kidney function, and how kidney disease is staged.