White Blood Cell Count (WBC)
10⁹/LThe total number of immune cells circulating in your blood.
Why it matters
Rises with infection and inflammation, falls with some medications and viral illness — a broad first look at immune health.
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Every marker below is read against optimal ranges — not just the lab reference band — and explained by a clinician on your results call.
The total number of immune cells circulating in your blood.
Why it matters
Rises with infection and inflammation, falls with some medications and viral illness — a broad first look at immune health.
How many red blood cells you have carrying oxygen around your body.
Why it matters
Low counts mean less oxygen reaching your tissues, which is felt as breathlessness and fatigue.
The iron-containing protein in red cells that actually carries oxygen.
Why it matters
The defining measure of anaemia, and one of the most common explanations for unexplained tiredness.
The proportion of your blood made up of red cells, by volume.
Why it matters
Read with haemoglobin to distinguish true anaemia from simple dehydration.
The average size of your red blood cells.
Why it matters
Small cells point to iron deficiency; large cells point to B12 or folate. It tells us where to look next.
The average amount of haemoglobin inside each red cell.
Why it matters
Supports MCV in separating the different causes of anaemia.
How concentrated the haemoglobin is within each red cell.
Why it matters
Helps identify specific red-cell disorders that the other indices can miss.
How much your red blood cells vary in size.
Why it matters
Often the earliest abnormal marker in developing iron deficiency, before any other value shifts.
The cell fragments that let your blood clot.
Why it matters
Too few risks bleeding, too many risks clotting — and either can flag a problem in the bone marrow.
The average size of your platelets.
Why it matters
Larger platelets are younger and more active, giving a clue about how fast they are being produced.
The immune cells that handle viruses and long-term immunity.
Why it matters
Typically raised in viral infection and suppressed by chronic stress.
Immune cells that clear debris and support longer-running immune responses.
Why it matters
Persistently raised counts can point to chronic inflammation.
The immune cells that respond first to bacterial infection.
Why it matters
High counts suggest bacterial infection or stress; very low counts leave you vulnerable to infection.
Immune cells involved in allergy and parasitic infection.
Why it matters
A raised count often points to underlying allergy, asthma or eczema.
The rarest white cells, involved in allergic and inflammatory responses.
Why it matters
Rarely abnormal alone, but useful as part of the full immune picture.
The total immunoglobulin A in your blood.
Why it matters
Checked before coeliac antibody testing, because IgA deficiency causes false negatives.
The unbound, available form of thyroxine — your thyroid's main circulating hormone.
Why it matters
Read with TSH, it separates a thyroid that is failing from a pituitary signalling problem.
The active thyroid hormone your cells actually use to set metabolic rate.
Why it matters
Explains why some people feel hypothyroid despite normal TSH — conversion from T4 to T3 can be impaired.
The pituitary's signal telling your thyroid how much hormone to produce.
Why it matters
The most sensitive early marker of thyroid trouble. TSH shifts before T4 and T3 do, and before most people notice symptoms.
A vitamin essential for nerve function and red blood cell production.
Why it matters
Deficiency causes fatigue, pins and needles and memory problems, and can become irreversible if left too long.
The folate currently circulating in your blood.
Why it matters
Reflects recent intake rather than long-term stores.
Your body's iron store — the protein that holds iron until it is needed.
Why it matters
The first thing to fall when iron runs low, often long before haemoglobin drops. A common and very treatable cause of fatigue.
The iron currently circulating in your blood.
Why it matters
Fluctuates through the day and with recent meals, so it is read alongside ferritin and transferrin rather than alone.
The protein that transports iron through your bloodstream.
Why it matters
Rises when iron is scarce as your body tries to capture more, helping separate true deficiency from inflammation.
The main form of oestrogen, central to the menstrual cycle and bone health.
Why it matters
Interpreted against cycle timing in women; in men, raised levels can cause their own symptoms.
The pituitary hormone that triggers ovulation and testosterone production.
Why it matters
Its ratio to FSH is a central clue in diagnosing PCOS.
The pituitary hormone that drives egg and sperm production.
Why it matters
A key marker of ovarian reserve and the transition into menopause.
A waste product from normal muscle activity, cleared by your kidneys.
Why it matters
The standard measure of kidney filtration, though it is also affected by muscle mass.
An estimate of how much blood your kidneys filter each minute.
Why it matters
The clearest single number for kidney function, and how kidney disease is staged.
A waste product from protein breakdown, cleared by the kidneys.
Why it matters
Rises with dehydration and high protein intake as well as kidney problems, so it is read alongside creatinine.
A waste product from the breakdown of purines in food and cells.
Why it matters
High levels cause gout and are linked to high blood pressure and metabolic problems.
The protein fraction that includes your antibodies.
Why it matters
Raised levels can indicate chronic infection or inflammation; low levels suggest weakened immunity.
The main protein your liver makes, holding fluid inside your blood vessels.
Why it matters
A good measure of longer-term liver function and nutritional state.
All the protein circulating in your blood.
Why it matters
Read with albumin to separate liver problems from immune or kidney causes.
The yellow pigment produced as old red blood cells are broken down.
Why it matters
Mildly raised levels are often harmless Gilbert's syndrome; higher levels need investigating.
A liver enzyme released into the blood when liver cells are stressed or damaged.
Why it matters
The most specific routine marker of liver strain — commonly raised by fatty liver, alcohol or medication.
A liver enzyme particularly sensitive to alcohol and bile duct problems.
Why it matters
The most responsive marker to alcohol intake, and a useful check on liver recovery.
An enzyme from the liver, bile ducts and bone.
Why it matters
Raised levels point either to a bile-flow problem or to active bone turnover.
The cholesterol carried by low-density lipoproteins, the particles that deposit cholesterol into artery walls.
Why it matters
LDL is the single most modifiable driver of heart disease. Lowering it years before symptoms is one of the most effective things you can do.
Total cholesterol minus HDL — everything left that can contribute to plaque.
Why it matters
A better predictor of cardiovascular risk than LDL alone, because it captures every artery-damaging particle in one number.
The cholesterol carried by high-density lipoproteins, which transport it away from the arteries back to the liver.
Why it matters
Higher is generally protective. A low HDL alongside high triglycerides often points to insulin resistance rather than diet alone.
The total amount of cholesterol carried in your blood, combining the LDL, HDL and other fractions.
Why it matters
On its own it is a blunt number — the split between LDL and HDL matters far more, which is why we always read it alongside them.
Your total cholesterol divided by your HDL, expressing the balance between the two.
Why it matters
A cleaner risk signal than either number alone, and one of the values most responsive to changes in diet and activity.
The main form of fat circulating in your blood, mostly from what you eat and what your liver produces.
Why it matters
Raised triglycerides are an early sign that your body is struggling to handle sugar and refined carbohydrate — often before glucose looks abnormal.
A protein your liver releases in response to inflammation anywhere in the body.
Why it matters
Sensitive but non-specific: it confirms inflammation is present without saying where. Persistently mild elevation is linked to cardiovascular risk.
A mineral involved in muscle function, nerve signalling and energy production.
Why it matters
Low magnesium contributes to cramps, palpitations and poor sleep, and often accompanies high sugar intake.