White Blood Cell Count (WBC)
10⁹/LThe total number of immune cells circulating in your blood.
Why it matters
Rises with infection and inflammation, falls with some medications and viral illness — a broad first look at immune health.
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What's measured
Every marker below is read against optimal ranges — not just the lab reference band — and explained by a clinician on your results call.
The total number of immune cells circulating in your blood.
Why it matters
Rises with infection and inflammation, falls with some medications and viral illness — a broad first look at immune health.
How many red blood cells you have carrying oxygen around your body.
Why it matters
Low counts mean less oxygen reaching your tissues, which is felt as breathlessness and fatigue.
The iron-containing protein in red cells that actually carries oxygen.
Why it matters
The defining measure of anaemia, and one of the most common explanations for unexplained tiredness.
The proportion of your blood made up of red cells, by volume.
Why it matters
Read with haemoglobin to distinguish true anaemia from simple dehydration.
The average size of your red blood cells.
Why it matters
Small cells point to iron deficiency; large cells point to B12 or folate. It tells us where to look next.
The average amount of haemoglobin inside each red cell.
Why it matters
Supports MCV in separating the different causes of anaemia.
How concentrated the haemoglobin is within each red cell.
Why it matters
Helps identify specific red-cell disorders that the other indices can miss.
How much your red blood cells vary in size.
Why it matters
Often the earliest abnormal marker in developing iron deficiency, before any other value shifts.
The cell fragments that let your blood clot.
Why it matters
Too few risks bleeding, too many risks clotting — and either can flag a problem in the bone marrow.
The average size of your platelets.
Why it matters
Larger platelets are younger and more active, giving a clue about how fast they are being produced.
The immune cells that handle viruses and long-term immunity.
Why it matters
Typically raised in viral infection and suppressed by chronic stress.
Immune cells that clear debris and support longer-running immune responses.
Why it matters
Persistently raised counts can point to chronic inflammation.
The immune cells that respond first to bacterial infection.
Why it matters
High counts suggest bacterial infection or stress; very low counts leave you vulnerable to infection.
Immune cells involved in allergy and parasitic infection.
Why it matters
A raised count often points to underlying allergy, asthma or eczema.
The rarest white cells, involved in allergic and inflammatory responses.
Why it matters
Rarely abnormal alone, but useful as part of the full immune picture.
The unbound, available form of thyroxine — your thyroid's main circulating hormone.
Why it matters
Read with TSH, it separates a thyroid that is failing from a pituitary signalling problem.
The active thyroid hormone your cells actually use to set metabolic rate.
Why it matters
Explains why some people feel hypothyroid despite normal TSH — conversion from T4 to T3 can be impaired.
The pituitary's signal telling your thyroid how much hormone to produce.
Why it matters
The most sensitive early marker of thyroid trouble. TSH shifts before T4 and T3 do, and before most people notice symptoms.
Antibodies against thyroglobulin, the protein your thyroid stores hormone in.
Why it matters
Measured alongside TPO to complete the autoimmune picture, particularly in Hashimoto's.
Antibodies against the enzyme your thyroid uses to make hormone.
Why it matters
Their presence predicts future thyroid failure, which is why we look even when TSH is still normal.
The portion of B12 your cells can actually use.
Why it matters
More accurate than total B12, which can look normal while the usable fraction is low.
The total B12 in your blood, both active and bound forms.
Why it matters
A useful screen, though much of what it measures is bound and unavailable to your cells.
The vitamin your skin makes from sunlight, essential for bone, muscle and immune function.
Why it matters
Deficiency is near-universal in northern Europe through winter, and among the easiest deficiencies to correct.
The folate currently circulating in your blood.
Why it matters
Reflects recent intake rather than long-term stores.
Your body's iron store — the protein that holds iron until it is needed.
Why it matters
The first thing to fall when iron runs low, often long before haemoglobin drops. A common and very treatable cause of fatigue.
The iron currently circulating in your blood.
Why it matters
Fluctuates through the day and with recent meals, so it is read alongside ferritin and transferrin rather than alone.
The protein that transports iron through your bloodstream.
Why it matters
Rises when iron is scarce as your body tries to capture more, helping separate true deficiency from inflammation.
An essential trace mineral used by hundreds of enzymes, immunity and wound healing.
Why it matters
Deficiency shows up as poor immunity, slow healing and taste changes, and is common in vegetarian diets.
An amino acid that rises when B12, folate or B6 are insufficient.
Why it matters
Raised levels are linked to cardiovascular and cognitive risk, and usually respond to correcting the underlying B-vitamin gap.
Your average blood sugar over the past two to three months, measured on your red blood cells.
Why it matters
Unlike a single glucose reading, this cannot be gamed by fasting. It is the standard for diagnosing and tracking diabetes.
The main form of oestrogen, central to the menstrual cycle and bone health.
Why it matters
Interpreted against cycle timing in women; in men, raised levels can cause their own symptoms.
The pituitary hormone that triggers ovulation and testosterone production.
Why it matters
Its ratio to FSH is a central clue in diagnosing PCOS.
The pituitary hormone that drives egg and sperm production.
Why it matters
A key marker of ovarian reserve and the transition into menopause.
The protein that binds sex hormones and controls how much is free.
Why it matters
Explains a normal total testosterone with low free testosterone, and shifts with insulin resistance and thyroid function.
All testosterone in your blood, both bound and unbound.
Why it matters
The standard first measurement, though much of it is bound and unavailable to your cells.
The unbound testosterone your body can actually use.
Why it matters
Often the more meaningful number — total testosterone can look normal while the usable fraction is low.
The unbound testosterone your body can actually use.
Why it matters
Often the more meaningful number — total testosterone can look normal while the usable fraction is low.
The balance between your main anabolic hormone and your main stress hormone.
Why it matters
A falling ratio is an early sign of overtraining or chronic stress, often before performance drops.
The pituitary hormone best known for milk production.
Why it matters
Raised levels disrupt periods, fertility and libido in both sexes, and are usually correctable.
Your main stress hormone, following a daily rhythm.
Why it matters
Explains fatigue, weight change and poor sleep. Timing of the sample matters as much as the number.
The ratio of total testosterone to SHBG, estimating active androgen.
Why it matters
A key calculation in assessing PCOS and androgen excess in women.
An adrenal hormone that acts as a building block for sex hormones.
Why it matters
Falls steadily with age and gives a read on adrenal output.
A waste product from normal muscle activity, cleared by your kidneys.
Why it matters
The standard measure of kidney filtration, though it is also affected by muscle mass.
An estimate of how much blood your kidneys filter each minute.
Why it matters
The clearest single number for kidney function, and how kidney disease is staged.
A waste product from protein breakdown, cleared by the kidneys.
Why it matters
Rises with dehydration and high protein intake as well as kidney problems, so it is read alongside creatinine.
A waste product from the breakdown of purines in food and cells.
Why it matters
High levels cause gout and are linked to high blood pressure and metabolic problems.
The protein fraction that includes your antibodies.
Why it matters
Raised levels can indicate chronic infection or inflammation; low levels suggest weakened immunity.
The main protein your liver makes, holding fluid inside your blood vessels.
Why it matters
A good measure of longer-term liver function and nutritional state.
All the protein circulating in your blood.
Why it matters
Read with albumin to separate liver problems from immune or kidney causes.
All bilirubin in your blood, both processed and unprocessed.
Why it matters
The standard screen for how well your liver is clearing this waste product.
A liver enzyme released into the blood when liver cells are stressed or damaged.
Why it matters
The most specific routine marker of liver strain — commonly raised by fatty liver, alcohol or medication.
A liver enzyme particularly sensitive to alcohol and bile duct problems.
Why it matters
The most responsive marker to alcohol intake, and a useful check on liver recovery.
An enzyme from the liver, bile ducts and bone.
Why it matters
Raised levels point either to a bile-flow problem or to active bone turnover.
The cholesterol carried by low-density lipoproteins, the particles that deposit cholesterol into artery walls.
Why it matters
LDL is the single most modifiable driver of heart disease. Lowering it years before symptoms is one of the most effective things you can do.
Total cholesterol minus HDL — everything left that can contribute to plaque.
Why it matters
A better predictor of cardiovascular risk than LDL alone, because it captures every artery-damaging particle in one number.
The cholesterol carried by high-density lipoproteins, which transport it away from the arteries back to the liver.
Why it matters
Higher is generally protective. A low HDL alongside high triglycerides often points to insulin resistance rather than diet alone.
The total amount of cholesterol carried in your blood, combining the LDL, HDL and other fractions.
Why it matters
On its own it is a blunt number — the split between LDL and HDL matters far more, which is why we always read it alongside them.
Your total cholesterol divided by your HDL, expressing the balance between the two.
Why it matters
A cleaner risk signal than either number alone, and one of the values most responsive to changes in diet and activity.
The main form of fat circulating in your blood, mostly from what you eat and what your liver produces.
Why it matters
Raised triglycerides are an early sign that your body is struggling to handle sugar and refined carbohydrate — often before glucose looks abnormal.
The main protein on HDL particles, reflecting how well your body clears cholesterol from artery walls.
Why it matters
A low ApoA1 suggests your protective pathway is weak even when HDL cholesterol looks acceptable.
A direct count of the atherogenic particles in your blood — every LDL and related particle carries exactly one ApoB.
Why it matters
Where LDL estimates the cholesterol inside particles, ApoB counts the particles themselves. It is the more accurate predictor of heart disease risk.
The balance between artery-damaging and artery-protecting particles.
Why it matters
One of the strongest single predictors of heart attack risk in large international studies.
An inherited, sticky form of LDL that raises cardiovascular risk independently of diet or lifestyle.
Why it matters
Largely genetic and stable for life, so it only needs measuring once — but knowing it changes how aggressively other risks should be managed.
A protein your liver releases in response to inflammation anywhere in the body.
Why it matters
Sensitive but non-specific: it confirms inflammation is present without saying where. Persistently mild elevation is linked to cardiovascular risk.
An enzyme released when muscle is broken down.
Why it matters
Rises after hard exercise, and flags muscle side effects from cholesterol medication.
A mineral involved in muscle function, nerve signalling and energy production.
Why it matters
Low magnesium contributes to cramps, palpitations and poor sleep, and often accompanies high sugar intake.
An electrolyte essential for heart rhythm and muscle function.
Why it matters
Both high and low levels affect the heart directly, which makes it one of the more urgent results.
All calcium in your blood, both bound to protein and free.
Why it matters
The standard screen, interpreted against albumin since much of it travels bound to protein.
Your calcium adjusted for albumin level.
Why it matters
A truer reading than total calcium when protein levels are abnormal.
The main electrolyte controlling fluid balance in your body.
Why it matters
Abnormal levels affect blood pressure and brain function, and can flag kidney or hormonal problems.
An electrolyte that works with sodium to maintain fluid and acid balance.
Why it matters
Helps identify the cause when acid-base balance is disturbed.